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Authors
Kudo, Shizuka
Kodama, Tomoko
Sasaki, Yuri
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Article History
Received: 12 April 2026
Accepted: 16 June 2026
First Online: 20 June 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: Formal ethical review and informed-consent procedures were not required because this study was based on publicly available, aggregated ecological data and did not involve any individual-identifying information.
Consent for publication: Not applicable. This study used anonymized secondary data and does not include any identifiable individual information.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
