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Authors
Yang, Qiaoxia
Lin, Qiuxing
He, Yanli
Wang, Yan
Nie, Xiaoqing
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province ((2024GZL-GG28)
Health high quality development technology plan project of Health Commission of Xiamen (2024J011431)
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Article History
Received: 20 January 2026
Accepted: 19 June 2026
First Online: 4 August 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) protocols were reviewed and approved by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) Research Ethics Review Board. The survey was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants provided written informed consent prior to participation. Data used in this study were de-identified and publicly available; therefore, no additional ethical approval or informed consent was required for this secondary analysis.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
