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Authors
Ebinim, Hilda
Akpiroroh, Ese
Ajayi, Mary
Sabbath, Usen-Obong
Jibril, Jabir
Ehize, Precious
Isiaka, Saheed
Kolawole, Deborah
Nto, Sunday
Unogu, Chioma
Rauf, Rauf
Atobatele, Sunday
Sampson, Sidney
Eugene, Eugene
Okagbue, Hilary
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Article History
Received: 10 March 2026
Accepted: 25 June 2026
First Online: 29 June 2026
Declarations
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: The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the National Health Research Ethics Committee (NHREC), Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja, Nigeria, with approval number NHREC/01/01/2007-09/02/2026. Verbal informed consent was obtained from all participants after explaining the study’s purpose, procedures, potential risks, and benefits. Anonymity and confidentiality were strictly maintained using coded identifiers. No personally identifying information was recorded. All data were stored electronically in password-protected systems accessible only to authorized research personnel. The study adhered to the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki (2018 as revised).
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests. However, the last author is a member of the editorial board of BMC Public Health. This affiliation neither influenced the review process nor the outcome of this paper.
