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Article History

Received: 10 September 2025

Accepted: 29 June 2026

First Online: 10 July 2026

Declarations

: This manuscript has not been published previously and is not under consideration elsewhere. Participant information was collected with the explicit condition that it would be used solely for scientific purposes and not shared publicly. Accordingly, the dataset is not openly accessible; any sharing would require collective consent from participants. All data relevant to the findings are presented within the article.Artificial intelligence (ChatGPT, OpenAI) was used only for language editing. It did not contribute to study design, statistical analysis, data interpretation, or the drawing of conclusions.

: The research protocol received approval from the Ethics Committee of Bitlis Eren University (Decision No. 2022/15; E.76710). Participation in the study was voluntary, and each student provided written consent after being informed about the study’s purpose. The research was carried out in line with the ethical standards set forth in the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants were informed in detail about the purpose and procedures of the study, and written informed consent was obtained prior to participation.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.