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Authors
Hanaoka, Shimpei https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5061-7664
Fujita, Shigeru
Kitazawa, Takefumi
Seto, Kanako
Matsumoto, Kunichika
Hasegawa, Tomonori
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (25K20558)
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Article History
Received: 3 April 2026
Accepted: 1 July 2026
First Online: 10 July 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: Ethical approval was not required because this study used anonymized secondary microdata from the Comprehensive Survey of Living Conditions, provided under the Statistics Act of Japan. According to the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan, studies using anonymized data that do not contain identifiable personal information do not require ethical review ( ). This approach is consistent with previously published studies [ ], which also did not require ethical approval.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
