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Authors
Biswas, Raaj Kishore
Afiaz, Awan
Jitu, Md. Hasibul Islam
Chowdhury, Bushra
Sultana, Sharmin
Moosa, Ahmed
Kabir, Enamul
Bhowmik, Jahar
Koemel, Nicholas A.
Fontana, Luigi
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Article History
Received: 25 February 2026
Accepted: 2 July 2026
First Online: 15 July 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: This article does not contain any studies with human participants that was conducted by any of the authors. In this study anonymised secondary data was obtained from the MEASURE Evaluation, funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). All respondents were de-identified before publishing the data. All participants provided written consent to the DHS team during data collection. Views expressed in this study do not necessarily reflect those of USAID, the US government, or MEASURE Evaluation. The secondary datasets analysed in the current study are freely available upon request from the DHS website ( ). The authors obtained permission for this project from the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) program authority.
Competing interest: The authors declare no competing interests.
