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Article History

Received: 8 May 2026

Accepted: 2 July 2026

First Online: 13 July 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was reviewed and approved by the Academic Committee of Leshan Normal University (Approval No. LSNU20230615). The research was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and relevant ethical regulations in China, ensuring full protection of the life, health, privacy, and dignity of all participants.. Prior to data collection, the research team explained the study purpose, procedures, voluntariness of participation, confidentiality protections, and potential risks and benefits to the participating schools, teachers, students, and parents or legal guardians. Written informed consent was obtained from the parents or legal guardians of all participating students before each wave of data collection, and assent was obtained from the students themselves prior to questionnaire administration. Participants were informed that they could withdraw from the study at any time without penalty. All data were collected anonymously and used only for academic research purposes.

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.