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Article History

Received: 19 March 2026

Accepted: 2 July 2026

First Online: 14 July 2026

Declarations

:

: All procedures complied with the ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki. The Bioethics Committee of the Military Chamber of Physicians in Warsaw, Poland reviewed the study proposal and determined that no ethical approval was required (decision No. KB 65/2024). The ' National Test of Poles’ Health’ survey was fully anonymous and voluntary. All participants were adult (≥ 18 years) internet users. All of them provided informed consent online before starting the questionnaire, having been briefed on the study’s objectives, the nature of the data to be collected, and data handling procedures.

: As all data were collected and analyzed anonymously, specific consent to publish individual data was not applicable as no identifiable information is included in this paper.

: The authors declare no competing interests.