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Authors
Zhu, Kang
Liu, Ruqiang
Li, Geng
Shen, Yangyang
Xie, Zhenwen
Wang, Zhenghan
Long, Ying
Liu, Yang
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Key Research and Development Program of China (2023YFC3305801)
Program for Overseas High-level Talents at Shanghai Institutions of Higher Learning (TP2022102)
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Human Performance (11DZ2261100)
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Article History
Received: 21 January 2026
Accepted: 6 July 2026
First Online: 15 July 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Shanghai University of Sport (ref: 102772019RT034). All participants under the age of 16 had their informed consent forms signed by their parents or legal guardians, who agreed to their children’s participation in this study.
Consent for publication: Not Applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
