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Article History

Received: 23 February 2026

Accepted: 7 July 2026

First Online: 13 July 2026

Declarations

:

: The study protocol was reviewed and approved by multiple ethics committees and regulatory bodies: Jaramogi Oginga Odinga Teaching and Referral Hospital Institutional Scientific and Ethics Review Committee (JOOTRH–ISERC/JOOTRH/026/24), Jaramogi University of Science and Technology Ethics Review Committee (JOOUST–ERC/5/24 − 06), the National Commission for Science, Technology, and Innovation (NACOSTI-License Nos. NACOSTI/P/23/25192 and NACOSTI/P/24/32866), the University of Antwerp Hospital Ethics Committee (Project ID 7496), and the Siaya County Government Research Review Committee (CGS/CHD/RESEARCH/141/VOL.VI (4)). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants before blood pressure, blood sugar, and anthropometric measurements. The consenting process emphasized the voluntary nature of participation, ensuring that individuals understood the study’s risks and benefits before agreeing to take part. Participants provided consent both before and during the study period. All study procedures were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and standards, including the Declaration of Helsinki, and adhered strictly to the approved protocol.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.