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Authors
Muse, Yahye Hassan https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1083-807X
Abdullahi, Mohamed Abdi
Muse, Abdisalam Hassan
Hassan, Mukhtar Abdi
Nadarajah, Saralees
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Article History
Received: 12 February 2026
Accepted: 7 July 2026
First Online: 29 July 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: Permission to use the Somaliland Health and Demographic Survey 2020 dataset was obtained from the relevant data access platform. The analysis used secondary, anonymized, publicly available survey data with no personal identifiers. The original SLDHS data collection followed standard ethical procedures, including informed consent from participants before interviews. Because this study involved secondary analysis of anonymized data, additional institutional ethical approval was not required for the present analysis.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
