Funding for this research was provided by:
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (K23HL173655)
Article History
Received: 1 October 2025
Accepted: 8 July 2026
First Online: 31 July 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: Data from AllianceChicago were deidentified, and the study protocol was deemed exempt from review and the need for informed consent by the Northwestern University Institutional Review Board.
Consent for publication: N/A. Manuscript does not contain details, images, or videos relating to an individual person.
Competing interests: Dr. Jia received consultation fees personal fees from Vivery Community for a grocery delivery pilot evaluation outside the submitted work.