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Article History

Received: 15 May 2026

Accepted: 13 July 2026

First Online: 17 July 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: Data collection was carried out by a professional panel provider certified according to ISO 20252 standards for market, opinion, and social research. In line with these standards, all participants provided informed consent before taking part, were informed that participation was voluntary, and could discontinue the survey at any time. The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Under the official decision framework of the Ethics Committee of the University of Potsdam, Germany, the study did not meet the criteria requiring formal ethics review. Specifically, it consisted of an anonymous online survey of adult participants, involved no intervention or deception, and collected no personally identifiable data or sensitive personal information. All measures were limited to non-identifiable self-reports of general behaviors, biographical experiences, and subjective evaluations. The study therefore involved no more than minimal burden or risk.

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.