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Authors
Tian, Jianing
Wen, HaoYu
Zhu, Tingfei
Wang, Guoqin
Yu, Hongyan
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
the Teaching Development Fund of Shanghai Jiao Tong University (CTLD25J0005)
the Research on the Innovative Education at Shanghai Jiao Tong University (DFY-ZD-2025001)
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Article History
Received: 26 April 2026
Accepted: 14 July 2026
First Online: 26 August 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: The CHARLS study was approved by the Biomedical Ethics Review Committee of Peking University (Approval No.: IRB00001052-11015), and all participants provided written informed consent.
Consent for publicaction: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
