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Authors
Bo, Jingwen
Wei, Yiwen
Tian, Xinyue
Yao, Qinglai
Liu, Yu
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Article History
Received: 23 March 2026
Accepted: 15 July 2026
First Online: 7 August 2026
Ethics
Ethics approval and consent to participate: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval for all the CHARLS waves was granted from the Institutional Review Board at Peking University (IRB00001052-11015), and all the participants from CHARLS provided signed informed consent.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
