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Authors
Worede, Daniel Tarekegn
Hollederer, Alfons
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Universität Kassel
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Article History
Received: 20 May 2026
Accepted: 23 July 2026
First Online: 3 August 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: The SOEP is available for non-commercial research under strict data protection [ ]. This study uses fully anonymized secondary data collected with informed consent and in accordance with German data protection law. German Institute for Economic Research (DIW Berlin) granted data access under a Scientific Use File contract (registration number 7310). The German Council for Social and Economic Data (RatSWD) has approved the SOEP study, and it is conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants provided informed consent at the time of original data collection. Because the present study uses fully anonymized secondary data, no additional ethical approval was required.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
