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Article History

Received: 25 June 2026

Accepted: 27 July 2026

First Online: 3 August 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was reviewed and approved by the Deanship of Scientific Research, University of Business and Technology (UBT), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia (Reference No. 103/UBT0131/IRB.26/11/2025). All procedures performed in this study involving human participants and human data were conducted in accordance with relevant ethical guidelines and regulations, including the Declaration of Helsinki. Participation was voluntary, and informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection. Participants were assured that their responses would be kept confidential and that identifying information would be removed from transcripts and reported quotations.

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.