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Authors
Wolf, Douglas A.
Monnat, Shannon M.
Gutin, Iliya
Wiemers, Emily W.
Montez, Jennifer Karas
Deng, Qiyu
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. National Institute on Drug Abuse (U01DA055972)
U.S. National Institute on Drug Abuse (U01DA055972)
U.S. National Institute on Drug Abuse (U01DA055972)
U.S. National Institute on Drug Abuse (U01DA055972)
U.S. National Institute on Drug Abuse (U01DA055972)
U.S. National Institute on Drug Abuse (U01DA055972)
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Article History
Received: 13 May 2026
Accepted: 31 July 2026
First Online: 5 August 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: Institutional review board approval was not required for this study because the data are de-identified and publicly available through ICPSR. This study adheres to the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) reporting guidelines.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
