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Authors
Guan, Guoxiang
Sun, Runjie
Zhou, Jinxin
Wu, Huiling
Chen, Ziyue
Li, Yijing
Kang, Yanru
Liu, Yongbing
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
the Postgraduate Research & Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province (No. KYCX25_4113)
the National Social Science Foundation of China 2024 (Grant Number 24BRK008)
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Article History
Received: 13 May 2026
Accepted: 3 August 2026
First Online: 5 August 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study is a secondary analysis based on publicly available data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). The CHARLS project strictly adhered to the principle of informed consent during the collection of raw data; all respondents voluntarily participated in the survey and signed informed consent forms after being fully informed of the study’s objectives and procedures. The overall research protocol for the project has been approved by the Biomedical Ethics Committee of Peking University (IRB00001052-11015).
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
