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Article History

Received: 5 March 2026

Accepted: 20 August 2026

First Online: 7 September 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: According to § 15 and 6 of the Data Protection Act of North Rhine-Westphalia (Cologne), retrospective analysis and anonymised reporting of patient data without informed consent are appropriate. The study was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of the Medical Faculty of Cologne University (Approval Number: [25–1242-retro]; Date: [10.07.2025]).

Consent for publication: All authors have read the manuscript and agreed to publish it.

Competing interests: JS has received research grants by the Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), the Medical Faculty of the University of Cologne, Basilea Pharmaceutica, Noscendo, Scynexis – all paid to his institution; has received speaker honoraria by AbbVie, Akademie für Infektionsmedizin, Forum für Medizinische Fortbildung, Mundipharma, Hikma, Lilly and Pfizer; has served on advisory boards for Kite-Gilead, has been a consultant to AiCuris, Basilea, Gilead, Mundipharma, Shionogi, Alvea and Micron Research; has received travel grants by Page Medical. JSG has received speaker honoraria from AstraZeneca, Gilead, Pfizer, and Menarini, and has been a member of an advisory board for Pfizer, outside of the submitted work. SCM has received research grants by the EKFS, by DZIF, and the Medical Faculty of the University of Cologne; she has received speaker honoraria by Akademie für “Infektionsmedizin”, AstraZeneca, Karo, Gilead, and Pfizer; she has been a consultant to Octapharma. UH has received honoraria from Gilead and Pfizer.OAC reports institutional grants or contracts from iMi, iHi, DFG, BMFTR, DZIF, EU-DG RTD, G-BA, Cidara, F2G, Gilead, MedPace, MSD, Mundipharma, Octapharma, Pfizer, Scynexis; Consulting fees from Abbvie, AiCuris, Basilea, Cidara, Elion, Gilead, GSK, IQVIA, Janssen, MedPace, Menarini, Melinta, Mundipharma, Octapharma, Pardes, Pfizer, PSI, Scynexis, Seqirus, Shionogi; Speaker honoraria from Abbott, Abbvie, Hikma, AstraZeneca, Asahi Kasei, Gilead, GSK, Knight, InfectoPharm, Ipsen, Medscape/WebMD, MSD, Moderna, Mundipharma, Noscendo, Paul-Martini-Stiftung, Pfizer, Sandoz, Seqirus, Shionogi, Vitis; Participation on a DRC, DSMB, DMC, or advisory board for AstraZeneca, Cidara, IQVIA, Janssen, MedPace, Melinta, PSI, Pulmocide, Vedanta.All remaining authors have nothing to declare.