Document is current
Any future updates will be listed below
-
Authors
Mat Pa, Mohamad Najib
Norhayati, Mohd Noor
Sulaiman, Zaharah
Nik Hussain, Nik Hazlina
Othman, Azizah
Aziz, Azliana
-
Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia (FRGS/1/2020/SS0/USM/02/12)
Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia (FRGS/1/2020/SS0/USM/02/12)
Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia (FRGS/1/2020/SS0/USM/02/12)
Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia (FRGS/1/2020/SS0/USM/02/12)
Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia (FRGS/1/2020/SS0/USM/02/12)
Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia (FRGS/1/2020/SS0/USM/02/12)
- License Information
-
More Information
Article History
Received: 11 April 2025
Accepted: 26 August 2026
First Online: 1 September 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: Ethical approvals were obtained from the Human Research Ethics Committee, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM/JEPeM/20110554). The recruitment period for this study extended from June 2023 to August 2024. Informed consent forms were distributed to parents or guardians via the class teachers. Assent was obtained from the children with clear communication that participation was voluntary and that they could withdraw from the study without consequence. Children who consented to participate were invited to be involved in this study. The methods and procedures in this study were carried out in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and relevant guidelines and regulations.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
