Vargas-Garrido, Héctor https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4538-4274
Article History
Received: 16 March 2026
Accepted: 18 September 2026
First Online: 23 September 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: The CASEN 2024 database is publicly available and was obtained from the Ministry of Social Development and Family (MINDESF). All population-based surveys conducted by MINDESF, including CASEN 2024, are carried out under Chilean Law No. 17.374, which protects citizens’ privacy. Therefore, analyses based on these anonymized secondary data do not require approval from an institutional ethics committee. All the participants provided informed consent to participate in the survey. All methods were carried out in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations.
Consent for publication: Not applicable. This manuscript does not contain data from identifiable individuals.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.