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Smoking and asthma mediate the protective effect of educational attainment on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease risk: a mediation Mendelian randomization analysis

Crossref DOI link: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12890-025-03658-1

Published Online: 2025-04-30

Update policy: https://doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy

Authors

Bai, Xue

Chen, Lantao

Ren, Fenghai

Zhao, Ying

Zheng, Yue

Wang, Yanbo

Pang, Sainan

Zhang, Jian

Guo, Erliang

Li, Huiyan
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Text and Data Mining valid from 2025-04-30

Version of Record valid from 2025-04-30
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Article History

Received: 6 March 2024

Accepted: 10 April 2025

First Online: 30 April 2025

Declarations

:

: The data used in this study is publicly available, therefore further ethical approval is not required.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.

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