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Article History

Received: 9 April 2025

Accepted: 2 July 2025

First Online: 9 October 2025

Declarations

:

: This study did not seek ethical clearance since the WHO HEAT software, and the dataset are freely available in the public domain. The WHO HEAT software utilizes secondary data that are anonymized and publicly accessible, ensuring participant confidentiality and privacy. Before data collection, the original data sources, such as national health surveys, obtain informed consent from participants, informing them about the study's purpose, voluntary nature, and confidentiality measures. Participants were made aware of the voluntary nature of their participation and were assured of the confidentiality of their responses.

: Not applicable.

: The author declare no competing interests.