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Article History

Received: 30 January 2025

Accepted: 16 July 2025

First Online: 14 August 2025

Declarations

:

: The study received ethical approval from the London – Camberwell St Giles Research Ethics Committee (REC reference: 21/LO/0844) and Italian ethics committees (in-house prot. n. 248/2022/OSS/IRCCSRE). The study adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants provided informed consent prior to their involvement in the study.

: Participants provided consent to have their anonymised quotes used for publication.

: IJH reports grants from the European Union (EU), Marie Curie Cancer Care, and National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR), and is Scientific Director of Cicely Saunders International, NIHR Emeritus Senior Investigator, and is an Honorary Clinical Consultant in Palliative Medicine for hospitals under Kings College Hospital National Health Service Foundation Trust outside of the submitted work. MM reports grants from the EU, UK Research and Innovation (UKRI), and NIHR. CN reports grants from the EU, payment of consulting fees from the World Health Organisation (WHO) and participation in the EMBED study advisory board. AOO reports grants from the Medical Research Foundation and honorarium for lectures at the Oxford Advanced Pain and Symptom Management Course. LG reports honorarium for teaching at the University of Modena and Reggio Emilia. KR and SB report grants from the EU. All other authors declare no competing interests.