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Article History

Received: 17 March 2025

Accepted: 21 July 2025

First Online: 14 August 2025

Declarations

:

: The Central Administration of the Portuguese National Health System approved this study, before giving access to the data, according to its Privacy and Personal Data Protection Policy (available at ). Since all protected individual patient information was inaccessible, and only aggregated data was available, the requirement for patient-informed consent was waived.

: Not applicable.

: J.G.P. reports that he has received an unrestricted research grant from Merck Sharp and Dohme; consulting fees from Pfizer pharmaceuticals, Biomerieux, and AOP pharmaceuticals; honoraria for lectures from Abionic, Gilead, and Pfizer pharmaceuticals; and honoraria for participating in advisory boards from Biomerieux and Pfizer pharmaceuticals, all outside of the scope of this manuscript. He is currently the president of “Grupo de Investigação e Desenvolvimento em Sépsis”. F.F. reports he has received research grants from Merck Sharp and Dohme; honoraria for lectures from Merck Sharp and Dohme, Astra Zeneca, Sanofi, Glaxo Smith and Kline, Bial, Gilead, Hipra and Novavax; and honoraria for participating in advisory boards from Merck Sharp and Dohme, Astra Zeneca, Sanofi, Glaxo Smith and Kline, Hipra. P. M. reports that he has received an unrestricted research grant from Astra Zeneca; consulting fees from Chiesa; honoraria for lectures from Merck Sharp and Dohme; Pfizer; Biomerieux; Shionoggi; Thermofisher; Cepheid; Glaxo Smith Kline; Chiesi. He is currently the President of the Portuguese Society of Intensive Care. All other authors reported no conflicts of interest.