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Article History

Received: 14 March 2025

Accepted: 11 August 2025

First Online: 30 August 2025

Declarations

:

: Only deidentified patient data from Optum Clinformatics® Data Mart database were used in this study and may be considered exempt. The study was not submitted to an Institutional Review Board approval for review.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: TS reports research grants from AstraZeneca, Sanofi, GlaxoSmithKline and receives personal fees from Verona Pharma, GlaxoSmithKline, and Apogee Therapeutics for advisory work. SS has received research grants (to his institution) from Chiesi, AstraZeneca, and Sanofi-Regeneron; has received royalties from Wolters Kluver Health; and has received consulting fees or honoraria from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi, GlaxoSmithKline, Nuvaira, and Pulmonx. EW has served on a scientific advisory board for Verona Pharma; EW also receives research grant funding from the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (outside the current work). CL, KA, and AD are employees of and may own stock/stock options in Verona Pharma plc. YP is an employee of Stratevi, a research consulting firm that received funding from Verona Pharma. VT reports grant funding from the National Institutes of Health/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Grifols and Fisher & Paykel Healthcare, as well as consulting fees from ThermoFisher and Sanofi/Regeneron all outside the scope of this work.