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Authors
Su, Hang
Hua, Wen
Bao, Wuping
Xu, Zichong
Zhang, Xue
Zhao, Lei
Han, Lei
Xue, Yishu
Shen, Huahao
Zhang, Min https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5026-0099
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82270027)
Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (20Y11902400)
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Article History
Received: 1 July 2025
Accepted: 2 September 2025
First Online: 15 October 2025
Declarations
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: The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. This study involves a secondary analysis of publicly accessible datasets from the China CDC and does not include primary data collection. The specific data links are provided in the “Availability of data and materials” section. Therefore, the Ethics Committee of Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Affiliated First People’s Hospital (Shanghai General Hospital) waived the requirement for consent to participate.
: We declare that we have no financial or personal relationships with any other individuals or organizations that could have an inappropriate influence on our work. No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
