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Authors
Pikoula, Maria
Quint, Jennifer K.
Kallis, Constantinos
Henry, Albert
Denaxas, Spiros
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Health Data Research UK (LOND1, LOND1, LOND1, LOND1, LOND1)
Asthma and Lung UK (JRFG18-1, JRFG18-1, JRFG18-1)
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Article History
Received: 30 May 2025
Accepted: 18 September 2025
First Online: 24 October 2025
Declarations
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: This research was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. A protocol for this research was approved by the Independent Scientific Advisory Committee (ISAC) for MHRA Database Research (protocol number 22_001747). Generic ethical approval for observational research using CPRD with approval from ISAC has been granted by a Health Research Authority (HRA) Research Ethics Committee (East Midlands–Derby, REC reference number 05/MRE04/87). RB approval was obtained by the UK Biobank (reference 37126) and University College London Research Ethics Committee (application 14629/001). In all CPRD studies, consent is not given on an individual patient level. Selected general practices consent to this process at a practice level, with individual patients having the right to opt out. All participants provided informed consent at the time of recruitment to the UKB.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
