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Authors
Zhou, Fei
Liang, Donghai
Xu, Chen
Jiang, Tao
Lu, Haijun
Wang, Fang
Meng, Chunliu
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Youth Research Fund, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University (QDFYQN2023219)
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Article History
Received: 3 September 2025
Accepted: 15 October 2025
First Online: 18 November 2025
Declarations
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: The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by the Institutional Review Board (or Ethics Committee) of Qingdao University Affiliated Hospital. Meanwhile, patient informed consent was waived by the Institutional Review Board (or Ethics Committee) of Qingdao University Affiliated Hospital in this study. In addition, this study was not a clinical trial.
: All authors of the manuscript had read and agreed to its content and publication, and were accountable for all aspects of the accuracy and integrity of the manuscript in accordance with ICMJE criteria.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
