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Article History

Received: 28 July 2025

Accepted: 22 October 2025

First Online: 17 December 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of China Medical University (Approval No. 2025410). All procedures involving human participants were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments. Informed consent was waived due to the retrospective design and use of de-identified clinical data.

: Not applicable. This study does not contain any individual person’s data in any form (including images or videos).

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.