Document is current
Any future updates will be listed below
-
Authors
Zhang, Zhi-qiang
Li, Jing-yang
Fu, Chi-yi
Li, Ya-Lun
Guo, Qian
Bao, You-wei
Wu, Jun
Liao, Jun-chao
Song, Yu-Qi
Li, Dong-xu
Zhu, Xin-hua
-
Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82060186)
- License Information
-
More Information
Article History
Received: 12 August 2025
Accepted: 27 October 2025
First Online: 26 November 2025
Declarations
:
: The data analysed in this study were obtained from the Global Health Data Exchange at [ ], which is freely available to all researchers by applying for registration, therefore ethical review was waived.This study is a secondary analysis using publicly available, de-identified data from the Global Health Data Exchange (GHDx) of the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2021 ( ), which has undergone ethical review during its compilation. As the study involves no direct interaction with human subjects, no collection of new primary data, and only uses pre-existing, privacy-protected secondary data, the requirement for individual informed consent is waived in line with relevant ethical guidelines, and all analyses comply with GHDx and GBD Study data usage policies.
: Not Applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
