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Authors
Zhang, Wen
Chew, Si Yuan
He, Xiaoli
Wu, Yanlin
Koh, Mariko Siyue
Wang, Guansong
Xu, Zhi
Tiew, Pei Yee
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Chongqing Science and Health Joint Medical Research Project (2023QNXM045)
Chongqing Science and Health Joint Medical Research Project (2024GGXM001)
Chongqing Natural Science Foundation General Program (CSTB2024NSCQ-MSX1114)
the Clinical Research Special Project of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University (2024F030)
Chongqing Young and Middle-aged Key Talents in Public Health (GWZQN202508)
Singapore Ministry of Health's National Medical Research Council under its under its Transition Award (MOH-001275-00)
the National Research Foundation Singapore under its Open Fund-Large Collaborative Grant (MOH-001636)
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Article History
Received: 15 January 2026
Accepted: 20 February 2026
First Online: 25 February 2026
Declarations
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: Study approval statement: This study was conducted in accordance with the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki. The protocol for the primary Singapore cohort was reviewed and approved by the SingHealth Centralized Institutional Review Board (approval numbers: CIRB 2018/2186 and 2013/184/C). The protocol for the independent validation cohort in China was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board of Xinqiao Hospital of Army Medical University (approval number: 2025-154-01).Consent to participate statement: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants in the Singapore prospective cohort. For the Chinese retrospective validation cohort, the requirement for informed consent was waived by the local ethics committee due to its retrospective nature.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
