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Authors
Kaşkal, Mert
Bucci, Tommaso
Wat, Dennis
Nazareth, Dilip
Lip, Gregory Y. H. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7566-1626
Frost, Freddy
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Article History
Received: 30 November 2025
Accepted: 26 February 2026
First Online: 4 March 2026
Declarations
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: This study was conducted using data from the TriNetX Research Network, a global federated health research network that provides access to fully de-identified patient data. All data available through TriNetX are anonymized in compliance with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) and the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR).As this study involved the analysis of pre-existing, de-identified data with no possibility of patient re-identification and no direct interaction with human participants, it does not constitute human subjects research. Therefore, ethical approval and informed consent were not required, in accordance with national and international regulations (including U.S. 45 CFR §46).All methods were carried out in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
