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Authors
Zhang, Zhijin
Xue, Yi
Gao, Leyi
Guan, Lujia
Zhang, Haifan
Ma, Haomiao
Li, Xuyan
Li, Jieqiong
Yang, Huqin
Tong, Zhaohui
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China (2023YFC0872500)
Beijing Research Center for Respiratory Infectious Diseases Projec (BJRID2024-008)
Beijing Scholars Program (062)
Laboratory for Clinical Medicine
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Article History
Received: 25 November 2025
Accepted: 27 February 2026
First Online: 12 March 2026
Declarations
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: The study was approved by the Ethics Committee (Institutional Review Board) of Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (registration number 2023-K-355-1). The study protocol conforms to the ethical guidelines of the 1975 Declaration of Helsinki. Prior to enrolling in the study, all individual participants signed an electronic version of the informed consent form to confirm their voluntary participation. In addition, this research was a non-interventional, cross-sectional survey and did not involve any clinical trial procedures; therefore, clinical trial registration was not required.
: Not applicable. This study was based on an anonymized survey, and no personally identifiable data of any participant were collected during the study. Furthermore, no such details were utilized or presented during data analysis, interpretation of results, or in the preparation of the manuscript.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
