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Authors
Zhao, Rui
Zeng, Huihui
Chen, Yan
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China - General Project (Grant 82470038)
Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation General Project (2023JJ30742)
Health Research Projects of the Health Commission of Hunan Province for the Year 2024 (W20243127)
Health and Development Promotion Project (KM-MXQD-003)
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Article History
Received: 16 December 2025
Accepted: 4 March 2026
First Online: 7 March 2026
Declarations
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: This study used de-identified data from NHANES and UK Biobank, for which informed consent was obtained at the time of original enrollment. NHANES protocols were approved by the National Center for Health Statistics ethics review board, and all participants provided written informed consent. UKB was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki; ethical approval was obtained from the North-West Research Ethics Committee. Our analysis was conducted under UKB application ID: 105139. Ethical approval for secondary analysis was granted by the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University (approval number LYF20250266), with a waiver of additional consent.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
