Document is current

Article History

Received: 25 October 2025

Accepted: 23 March 2026

First Online: 26 March 2026

Declarations

:

: Institutional review board approval was obtained for this project (Ethics Committee of the State Chamber of Physicians of Baden-Wuerttemberg, file number F-2025–050), and the study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, allowing written informed consent to be waived.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: ABG: Arterial blood gas analysis.A/C ventilation: Assisted-controlled ventilation mode.APACHE-II: Acute physiology and chronic health evaluation score (II).C dyn : Dynamic respiratory system compliance.C dyn -MP: Mechanical power normalized to C dyn (referred to as power density).COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.CPAP: Continuous positive airway pressure.∆P aw : Dynamic driving pressure.F i O 2 : Fraction of inspired oxygen.IMV: Invasive mechanical ventilation.LTOT: Long-term oxygen therapy.MP: Mechanical power.NIV: Non-invasive ventilation.PBW: Predicted body weight.PEEP: Positive end-expiratory pressure.P/F ratio: The ratio of the partial pressure of oxygen to the fraction of inspired oxygen.P max : Peak positive airway pressure.RCTs: Randomized clinical trials.RR: Respiratory rate.SBT: Spontaneous breathing trial.SD: Standard deviation.VAP: Ventilator-associated pneumonia.VR: Ventilatory ratio.VT: Tidal volume.VT/PBW: Tidal volume normalized to the predicted body weight.