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Authors
Otto, Matthias
Mohr, David
Zimmermann, Julia
Rathmann, Nils
Boesing, Christoph
Thiel, Manfred
Krebs, Joerg
Luecke, Thomas
Rocco, Patricia R.M.
Conrad, Alice Marguerite
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Medizinische Fakultät Mannheim der Universität Heidelberg
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Article History
Received: 26 August 2025
Accepted: 25 March 2026
First Online: 7 April 2026
Declarations
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: This retrospective, observational, single-center, cohort study was approved by the local ethics committee (Medizinische Ethikkommission II, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, registration number 2021 − 831). The present study was conducted in the 25-bed intensive care unit (ICU) of the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine at the University Hospital Mannheim, and it was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Due to the retrospective observational study design, the Institutional Review Board (IRB) waived the requirement for informed consent from all participants. Prior to the initiation of the data analysis, the study was prospectively registered with the German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS00026246).
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
