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Authors
Zhang, Lei
Wang, Meiying
Miao, Dong
Wang, Ruigang
Li, Li
Li, Zhengqiao
Wang, Li’ao
He, Gang
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Hebei Provincial Medical Science Research Project (20240347)
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Article History
Received: 28 February 2026
Accepted: 16 April 2026
First Online: 19 May 2026
Declarations
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: The MlMIC-IV database was approved by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Cambridge, MA) and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (Boston, MA) (access permission ID: 73000137), and consent was obtained for the collection of original data. All procedures performed in this study involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. All participants were informed about the purpose of the study, assured of confidentiality, and provided written consent before participation. Participation was voluntary, and respondents could withdraw at any time without any consequences.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
