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Authors
Getahun, Kefyalew Ayalew
Tessema, Nega Berhane
Muttamba, Winters
Mugenyi, Levicatus
Chakaya, Jeremiah
Bekele, Amsalu
Abay, Solomon Mequanente
Mersha, Tesfaye B.
Yimer, Getnet
Kirenga, Bruce J.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
A project grant from the GSK Africa Non-Communicable Disease Open Lab
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Article History
Received: 14 December 2025
Accepted: 21 April 2026
First Online: 27 April 2026
Declarations
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: Ethical approval was obtained from each country namely: Mulago Hospital Research and Ethics Committee (MHREC 875), the Uganda National Council for Science and Technology, the Institutional Review Board of Addis Ababa University (AAUMF‑01‑008), the Kenyatta National Hospital–University of Nairobi Ethics Review Committee (327/04/2016), and the Institutional Ethical Review Board of the University of Gondar (CMHSSH-UOG IRERC 32/7/2024). This study adhered to the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki, and all patient information was handled with full confidentiality.
: Not applicable. This manuscript does not contain any individual person’s data in any form (including identifiable images or personal clinical details).
: The authors declare no competing interests.
