Document is current

Article History

Received: 2 June 2025

Accepted: 4 May 2026

First Online: 25 May 2026

Declarations

:

: Cohorts obtained institutional review board approval from participating centers. Each cohort had previously performed informed consent from participants to in-person, telephone, and/or e-mail contact and for abstraction of medical records. Consent for COVID-19 data collection was obtained in accordance with cohort-specific procedures. Columbia University performed Data Coordination and Harmonization Center for C4R (Columbia University institutional review board, AAAT3035).

: Not applicable.

: NAN reports grant funding from the National Institutes of Health.PB reports grant funding from the National Institutes of Health.MGS reports grant funding from the National Institutes of Health.AS reports no conflicts of interest.JGT reports no conflicts of interest.JJC reports no conflicts of interest.MA reports no conflicts of interest.CA reports no conflicts of interest. SPB reports grant funding from the National Institutes of Health, Nuvaira, Sanofi, Genentech, and the COPD Foundation, royalties or licenses from Springer, consulting fees from Sanofi, Regeneron, Boehringer Ingelheim, GSK, Apreo, Chiesi, Merck, Verona Pharma, and Genentech, and honoraria from IntegrityCE, Medscape, and Horizon CME. MTL reports no conflicts of interest.JDC reports grant funding from the National Institutes of Health and the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, support for attending board meetings from the International Society of Heart and Lung Transplantation, consulting fees from GSK, and participation on the Data Safety Monitoring board for NIH PETALnet and NHLBI. ESO reports grant funding from the National Institutes of Health. MRA reports grant funding from the National Institutes of Health.