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Authors
Lin, Zhiyong
Chen, Shiming
Zhan, Ran
Deng, Jingyi
Liu, Peiyi
Li, Zhiquan
Mo, Jierong
He, Jiawen
Jiang, Jun
Zhou, Tianen
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
The Basic and Applied Basic Research Fund of Guangdong (No. 2022A1515140033)
The Medical Research Fund of Guangdong (No.B2025307)
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Article History
Received: 23 August 2025
Accepted: 15 June 2026
First Online: 5 August 2026
Declarations
Ethical approval and consent to participate: This study was conducted using the eICU Collaborative Research Database (Pollard et al., 2018), a publicly available database containing de-identified health data from over 200,000 critically ill patients. The database received approval from the Institutional Review Board at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and from the Institutional Review Boards of each participating hospital. As this study involved secondary analysis of de-identified data from a publicly available database, it was exempt from additional institutional review board approval in accordance with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) Safe Harbor provision. All data were de-identified prior to our access, and no attempt was made to re-identify any patients. The requirement for individual patient consent was waived due to the retrospective nature of the study and the use of de-identified data.
Consent for Publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
