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Authors
McMurray, Jordana https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1937-6561
Cortinas, Mary
Widger, Kimberley
Stephenson, Anne L.
Stremler, Robyn
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Bertha Rosenstadt Doctoral Research Dissertation Grant
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Article History
Received: 17 October 2025
Accepted: 6 July 2026
First Online: 30 July 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: Research procedures were approved by the Research Ethics Board at all recruitment sites. This included the Research Ethics Board at SickKids Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (REB# 1000079476), the Research Ethics Board at Unity Health Toronto, Ontario, Canada (St. Michael’s Hospital, #22–257), and the Research Ethics Board at the University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (#00043792) prior to conducting this study. All individuals who participated in this study provided their informed consent prior to inclusion in the study. In Ontario, Canada, adolescents and young adults aged 14–25 can legally provide independent consent for research if they have the capacity to understand the study and make an informed decision. Capacity was assessed in all participants by a registered nurse. Therefore, for this study, consent was obtained directly from participants rather than from parents/caregivers. However, parents/caregivers were welcome to participate in the consent discussions if desired. If parents/caregivers were not present, participants were provided with an information letter that summarized the study, outlined the risks and benefits of participating, and provided contact information, which participants could share with their parents/caregivers if they wished.
Consent for publication: Not applicable, this study is not a case report.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
