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Article History

Received: 10 June 2026

Accepted: 18 August 2026

First Online: 28 August 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University (approval number: 250049). For the public database cohort, data were extracted from the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care IV (MIMIC-IV) database. The use of the MIMIC-IV database was approved by the Institutional Review Boards of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC) (access permission ID: 69652967). The data in MIMIC-IV are fully de-identified, and the requirement for individual patient informed consent was waived. All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations (e.g., the Declaration of Helsinki).

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.