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Article History

Received: 25 March 2020

Accepted: 23 July 2020

First Online: 28 July 2020

Ethics approval and consent to participate

: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the Ethics Committee of Toshima Hospital, Tokyo Metropolitan Health and Hospitals Corporation (approval no. 31–61), and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Verbal informed consent to participate in the study was obtained at the time of obtaining the surgical consent form, which was taken as documentation of consent to participate in this research. Verbal consent was approved by the ethics committee because this study used only data routinely collected during surgery. In addition, notices are posted on our hospital’s website and bulletin boards explaining the use of clinical data for research purposes and informing patients of their right to opt out of the use of their data.

: Not applicable.

: Dr. Miyasaka reports grants from Japan Medical Dynamic Marketing, Inc., outside the submitted work; Dr. Marumo reports grants from Zimmer Biomet Japan, Inc., grants from Chugai Pharmaceutical Co, LTD., grants from Astellas Pharma Inc., and grants from Asahi Kasei Pharma Corp., outside the submitted work; all other authors declare no conflicts of interest.