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Article History

Received: 7 August 2024

Accepted: 7 January 2025

First Online: 16 January 2025

Declarations

:

: We present a retrospective analysis of data collected per standard of care, with patient information withheld. In accordance with U.S. Department of Health and Human Services regulations for the protection of human subjects in research, this type of study is exempt from IRB review based on 45 CFR 46, “Collection or Study of Existing Data”, considering the HIPPA Privacy Rule (45 CFR 160 and 164a). Patients are informed preoperatively that their blinded clinical data may be analyzed for trends and published on, and they sign a consent form of acknowledgement prior to surgery.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.