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Authors
Li, Mingyang
Xia, Qilin
Nie, Qilong
Ding, Ling
Huang, Zhen
Jiang, Zeping
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Article History
Received: 12 March 2025
Accepted: 5 June 2025
First Online: 1 July 2025
Declarations
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: This study is based on publicly available, de-identified data obtained from the GBD Study 2021, conducted by the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME). Ethical approval for the GBD study was obtained by IHME from the University of Washington Institutional Review Board. Ethical approval for this secondary analysis was not required, as it involved only publicly available data in accordance with local legislation and institutional requirements. Written informed consent was not required from the participants or their legal guardians/next of kin, as the data were anonymized and aggregated prior to access.
: Consent for publication is not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
