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Authors
Evans, David W.
Foster, Nadine E.
Breen, Alan C.
Pincus, Tamar
Underwood, Martin
Vogel, Steven
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Osteopathic Educational Foundation
General Osteopathic Council
Anglo-European College of Chiropractic
British Chiropractic Association
Keele University
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Article History
Received: 24 July 2025
Accepted: 5 September 2025
First Online: 2 October 2025
Declarations
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: Ethical approval was provided in 2003 by the London Multicentre Research Ethics Committee (ref: MREC/03/2/045). In 2023, ethical approval was provided by the University of Birmingham Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics Research Ethics Committee (ref: ERN_0530-Jul2023). All participants provided informed consent via an approved consent form. All procedures were conducted in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in 1983.
: No personal or clinical details, or identifying images are published in this study. The patient described in Table 1 is not an actual patient and has been used in many previous publications as an example of acute non-specific low back pain [–].
: The authors declare no competing interests.
