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Authors
Ntani, G.
Felli, V. E.
Harari, F.
Barrero, L. H.
Rojas, M.
Serra, C.
Bonzini, M.
Merisalu, E.
Habib, R. R.
Sadeghian, F.
Wickremasinghe, A. R.
Matsudaira, K.
Kelsall, H. L.
Harcombe, H.
Walker-Bone, K.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Medical Research Council
Versus Arthritis
Colt Foundation
Fogarty International Center
Instituto de Salud Carlos III
Shahroud University of Medical Sciences
National Health and Medical Research Council
Health Research Council of New Zealand
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Article History
Received: 11 September 2024
Accepted: 24 September 2025
First Online: 5 November 2025
Declarations
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: Ethical approval for the CUPID study was provided by the relevant research ethics committee or institutional review board in each participating country as set out below. Brazil: National Committee for Ethics in Research and Ethics Committee of University Hospital of University of Sao Paolo. Ecuador: Ethical Committee of Biomedicine, Central University of Ecuador. Colombia: Ethics Committee of the School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia. Costa Rica: Ethics Committee of the Universidad Nacional in Costa Rica. Nicaragua: Ethics Committee for Biomedical research of the Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Nicaragua. UK: National Research Ethics Service Committee South Central- Berkshire. Spain Parc Salut Mar Ethics Committee of Barcelona. Italy: Institutional Review Boards, Fondazione IRCCS Ca′ Granda– Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (Milan) and Ospedale di Circolo Fondazione Macchi (Varese). Greece: Scientific Board Committee of the University Hospital of Heraklion. Estonia: Ethics Review Committee on Human Research, University of Tartu. Lebanon: Institutional Review Board, American University of Beirut. Iran: Research Committee of Shahroud University of Medical Sciences. Pakistan: Ethical Review Committee of Aga Khan University. Sri Lanka: Ethical review Committee, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayawardenepura. Japan: University of Tokyo Ethics Committee. South Africa: University of Witwatersrand Ethics Committee for Human Subjects. Australia: Monash University Human Research Ethics Committee and the Alfred Ethics Committee. New Zealand: New Zealand Multi-region Ethics Committee. Written informed consent was obtained from participants where that was deemed appropriate by the relevant ethics committee (where information was collected by self-administered questionnaires, consent was implicit in return of the questionnaire).
: N/A.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
