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Authors
Sun, Zekai
Gao, Shangju
Meng, Fantao
Zhang, Yingjie
Li, Wenyi
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
The People's Government of Hebei Province (ZF2024020)
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Article History
Received: 27 August 2025
Accepted: 27 October 2025
First Online: 29 January 2026
Declarations
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: This retrospective study was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Hebei General Hospital (Approval No. 2025-LW-0196). The IRB specifically reviewed and approved the inclusion of participants under the age of 18. As the research involved only the analysis of pre-existing, anonymized data, the IRB formally waived the requirement for obtaining informed consent. All procedures were performed in accordance with the ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki.
: All data presented in this manuscript are anonymized and no individual can be identified from the details provided. Therefore, consent for publication is not required.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
